> » > > 



35i V 












> >> »> > , 















>^ ^^ ? 



|L1BRARY OF CONGRESS.} 

S ^/u./f ..A..3.... I 

\ # 

J UNITED STATES OP AMERICA.} 



X>y:^»^ 



■5> -> ^^zigi>:> ^ ^ 



^ 3 V 



^ — ^>}> : 






J>i» 



^a. 



^^^ 





















S >33E>' 









3> > > 



^ 1^ » 






3Ji >■ > > _; 



3^^J> 






^ > >: 












^"A» ^^, « 



3 5|>„ 

3 :> :>:*.»> 






3» j>^ 
























^ o» > :>^> 



^J^^* 1^ :j» -> TSk 
> • » > > - 






ft 



i 

Dr. ALDERSON's 
Essay on Apparitions: 



AN 



ESSAY 



ON 



APPARITIONS. 



LOiXDON : 

Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode, 

New.»treet. Square. 



AN 

ESSAY 

ON 

APPARITIONS, 

IN WHICH 

THEIR APPEARANCE IS ACCOUNTED FOR 

BY CAUSES WHOLLY INDEPENDENT OP 

ptmmatuval ^gencp, 

# 
BY 

JOHN ALDERSON, M.D. 

»• f 
SENIOR PHYSICIAN TO THE HULL GENERAL INFIRMARY; CONSULT- 
ING PHYSICIAN TO THE LYING-IN CHARITY ; PRESIDENT OP 
THE HULL LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; HONORARY 
MEMBER OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; CORRE- 
SPONDING MEMBER OF THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY, 
EDINBURGH, &C. &C. &C. 



Ea quas rerum simulacra vocamus. — Lucretius. 



NEW EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED, 

LONDON: 

PRINTED FOR 

LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN, 

P ATERNOSTER-ROW. 

1823. 



>3 



TO 

Sir JAMES M'GRIGOR, M.D.F.R.S. 

DIRECTOR-GENERAL, 

ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, 

&C. &C. &C. 

IN TESTIMONY OF 

THE HIGH ESTEEM IN WHICH HE HOLDS HIS 

TALENTS 

AND PROFESSIONAL ACQUIREMENTS, 

THIS ESSAY 

IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, 
BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



KiKGSTOK UPON HuLL, 

September I. 18 23. 



AS 



INTRODUCTION. 

The following Essay was written origin- 
ally for a Literary Society, to prove the 
reality of Ghosts, and by accounting for 
their appearance from natural causes, to 
remove those impressions of terror which 
are made upon the minds of youth, w^hen 
apparitions are supposed to be preter- 
natural. 

This subject was illustrated by a num- 
ber of cases, drawn from the author's 
own experience, and which cases were all 
of them capable of being authenticated 
at the time by the members of the so- 
ciety. 

A 4 



VIU INTRODUCTION. 

It was read in manuscript for several 
years afterwards, in different places, and 
was published, unknown to the author, in 
the Edinburgh Medical and Chirurgical 
Journal, in the year 1810. 

From the notice which his peculiar 
hypothesis obtained at the time, the au- 
thor was led to believe it had drawn the 
attention of the public, and he reprinted 
it in 1811 with some necessary correc- 
tions, and added it to a fourth edition of 
his Essay on the Rhus Toxicodendron, 
then in the press. In 1813, an eminent 
and learned physician at Manchester 
published as new the same theory, sup- 
ported by ancient history and traditional 
stories, which, if not equivocal, could 
not be so well authenticated as those to 
be found in the following essay. 



INTRODUCTION. IX 

As no notice whatever was taken of 
his pubUcation, the author has been in- 
duced, at the recommendation of his 
friends, to repubUsh it in a more book-hke 
form, not only to prevent all suspicion of 
plagiarism, but to assert his claim, and 
show his right to whatever novelty or 
merit there may be in the theory itself * 

He thinks himself fully entitled to 
adopt or take to himself the concluding 
paragraph of the " Essay towards a new 
Theory of Apparitions/* 

^^By the key / have furnished, the 
reader of history is released from the 
embarrassment of rejecting evidence in 

* A truly ingenious and elegant writer has done 
the author ample justice, by allowing his claim to 
a priority of publication. Vide Shakspeare and 
his Times ; by Nathan Drake, M. D. 



INTRODUCTION. 



some of the plainest narratives, or of 
experiencing uneasy doubts, when the 
solution might be rendered perfectly 
simple/' Vide Essay by I. Ferriar, M. D. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAP. I. 



Universal belief in Ghosts. — Addison; his 
Opinions. — Luther ; his Ideas of Mad- 
men, and of Idiots, ------13 

CHAP. 11. 

Statement of facts upon which the Hypo- 
thesis is meant to be founded. — Cases. 
— Treatment and Cure, ----- 20 

CHAP. III. 

Hallucination distinguished from Partial 
Insanity, from Delirium, from Somnam- 
bulism, from Reverie. — Mahomet, — 
Jacob Behmen, and other Visionaries, - 40 

CHAP. IV. 

Locke ; his Opinions. — Shakspeare — 
Macbeth — Hamlet. — Conclusion, - 47 



CHAPTER I. 

UNIVERSAL BELIEF IN GHOSTS. ADDISON ; HIS 

OPINIONS. — LUTHER ; HIS IDEAS OF MAD- 
MEN AND IDIOTS. 

^^ What all the world says must be 
true/* is an old adage ; and, as old say- 
ings have their foundation in the expe- 
rience of ages, I am disposed to believe 
them true. Now it is a general observ- 
ation, amounting to an established fact, 
that in all countries whose history we 
have long been acquainted with, as well 
as in those to which the active and en- 
terprising spirit of modern discovery has 
penetrated, there has constantly been 
found a belief in apparitions. This ge- 
neral notion or faith of the re-appearance 



14 AN ESSAY 

of those who have departed this Kfe, could 
not, in all cases, have arisen from the 
transmission of the poetic inventions of 
former times; because countries have 
been discovered, where we cannot sup- 
pose, or at least cannot trace, any pre- 
vious race of men, of superior intelligence, 
capable, like Homer or Ossian, of trans- 
mitting the records of antiquity ; and, 
with regard to the intervention of super- 
natural agency, in communicating or re- 
vealing knowledge to men, it behoves us, 
I think, to keep in mind an old maxim, 
" Nee Deiis inter sit 7iisi dignus vindice 
nodus :'' Let us take care never to in- 
troduce the miraculous agency of Provi- 
dence to account for effects, where com- 
mon agents by natural causes can be 
found. Nor ought we hastily to abandon 
our inquiries after such second causes. 



ON APPARITIONS. 15 

merely because we may be told that they 
are mysteries. At the same time, we 
have much cause to be thankful to the 
Almighty Governor of all things, when 
such circumstances and events dispose 
the wicked to turn from the error of their 
ways, as in the case of Colonel Gardiner j 
or when they tend to strengthen and en- 
courage the good in the way of well- 
doing, as in the instance of the truly re- 
spected, the Reverend Vincent Perron et.* 

* The remarkable conversion of Colonel Gar 
diner, by an apparition, is sufficiently well known. 
The history of Mr. Perronet f requires further 

t He was the grandfather and instructor of my inesti- 
mable friend, the late Mrs. Thompson, who imbibed, under 
his tuition, those Christian principles, which she unre- 
mittingly exemplified in practice during life. In the dis- 
charge of one of these duties, she accompanied her lovely 
and beloved daughter to Penzance, in search of that health 
for her which had been despaired of at home. She was 
prevented, by premature death, in an apoplectic fit, from 
witnessing the last distressing scene : — her daughter out- 
lived her but a short time. They were buried in the 
same vault at the Land's End, 

" Where they alike in pious hope repose." 



16 AN ESSAY 

The re-appearance of departed spirits, 
however, is generally attributed to the 



notice. He was upwards of fifty years vicar of 
Shoreham, in Kent, was a very amiable man, and a 
popular preacher. 

He seems to have considered himself as especi- 
ally called, from his earliest years, to the study of 
the Scriptures, with a view of preaching the " true 
gospel of Christ." He had several " spiritual ex- 
periences," through the medium of apparitions, 
which made a lasting impression on his mind, 
though not attended with any " fright or terror." 

When he was an infant, about four years of age, 
he was waked in the night by something lying on 
his forehead, which felt like the impression of a 
very cold hand. It continued some time after he 
was awake, when he perceived a tall man close to 
the bed-side, who looked very sternly at him. 

Much about this time he saw another person 
standing on the opposite side of the bed, dressed in 
very mean apparel, whose aspect seemed earnest, 
serious, and composed. However, what the design 
of either of these appearances might be, he pre- 
tends not to know. When he was between five 
and six years old, being on a visit to some of his 
father's relations in Switzerland, he was travelling 



ON APPARITIONS. . 17 

concealment of some trifling treasure, or 
because the rites and fees of sepulture 
have not been duly paid. 

" But if the flinty prison of the grave 
Could loose its doors, and let the spirit flee ; 

Why not return the wise, the just, the brave, 
And set once more the pride of ages free ?" 



over some high mountains on horseback, but 
through the neglect of the guide, who had the care 
of his horse, instead of pursuing the proper road, 
the horse directed his course towards a large 
lake ; but before he entered, he saw very plainly 
one like a man, in a white garment, coming upon 
the water towards him: upon which the horse 
turned away, and got into the right road again. 
The first step he had taken into the lake, both the 
horse and the rider must have been inevitably lost, 
as he was afterwards informed. 

One night in particular, when he was broad 
awake, he heard a variety of disagreeable voices, 
and felt several blows from invisible hands ; so that 
he might literally have said, " The messengers of 
Satan were sent to buffet him." 
B 



18 AN ESSAY 

I need only quote the authority of one 
of our most approved writers, without 
referring to a tribe of authors, for the 
proof of the universahty of this be- 
lief. 

^^ I think,^' says Addison, *' a person 
who is terrified with the imagination of 
ghosts and spectres, much more reason- 
able than one, who, contrary to the re- 
ports of all historians, sacred and pro- 
fane, ancient and modern, and to the 
traditions of all nations, thinks the ap- 
pearance of ghosts fabulous and ground- 
less. Could not I give myself up to this 
general testimony of mankind, I should 
to the relations of particular persons, who 
are now living, and whom I cannot dis- 
trust in other matters of fact/' In tlie 
paragraph which I have now quoted, you 
have not only a record of history, as to the 



ON APPARITIONS. 19 

universality of the belief, but the candid 
confession of a man of the first talents, 
that he firmly believed in ghosts and ap- 
paritions, though he has not favoured us 
with any theory respecting their origin. 

Is it not mortifying to know that such 
a man as Luther was a firm believer in 
apparitions as supernatural agents ; and 
that he should suppose madmen and idiots 
to be possessed by evil spirits ; nay, that 
he should actually have quarrelled with 
the physicians, who attributed these affec- 
tions to natural causes ? 



B *2 



20 AN ESSAY 



CHAPTER II. 

STATEMENT OF FACTS UPON WHICH THE HY- 
POTHESIS IS MEANT TO BE FOUNDED. 

CASES. TREATMENT AND CURE. 

In the investigation of any subject, it is 
generally the best method to begin by a 
statement of the facts upon which the 
hypothesis is meant to be founded. I 
shall, therefore, in this chapter, present 
some cases for the consideration of my 
readers, which will, in my opinion, 
strongly tend to account for the univer- 
sality of the notion mentioned in the pre- 
ceding chapter ; for they will prove, that 
the belief in apparitions, ghosts, and 
spectres, is not only well founded, but 



ON APPARITIONS. 21 

that these appearances are perfectly na- 
tural, arising from secondary physical 
causes, and depending on circumstances 
to which all nations, all mankind, are 
equally liable ; and therefore a general 
concurrence of opinion on these points 
must be as universal as the principle of 
population itself. 

CASE I. 
I was called upon some time ago to 

visit Mr. , who at that time kept a 

dram shop. Having at different times 
attended him, and thence knowing him 
very well, I was struck with something 
singular in his manner on my first en- 
trance. He went up stairs with me, but 
evidently hesitated, occasionally, as he 
went. When he got into his chamber, 
he expressed some apprehension, lest I 
B 3 



22 AN ESSAY 

should consider him insane, and send 
him to the asylum at York, whither I had 
not long before sent one of his pot-compa- 
nions. — "Whence all these apprehen- 
sions? — What is the matter with you? — 
Why do you look so full of terror T' He 
then sat down, and gave me a history of 
his complaint. 

About a week or ten days before, after 
drawing some liquor in his cellar for a 
girl, he desired her to take away the 
oysters which lay upon the floor, and 
which he supposed she had dropped j — 
the girl, thinking him drunk, laughed at 
him, and went out of the room. — He en- 
deavoured to take them up himself, and 
to his great astonishment could find none* 
— He was met going out of the cellar, 
when at the door he met a soldier, whose 
looks he did not like, attempting to enter. 



ON APPARITIONS. 23 

He desired to know what he wanted there; 
and upon receiving no answer, but, as he 
thought, a menacing look, he sprang for- 
ward to seize the intruder, and, to his no 
small surprise, found that it was aphantom. 
The cold sweat hung upon his brow — he 
trembled in every limb — it was the dusk 
of the evening ; as he walked along the 
passage the phantom flitted before his 
eyes — he attempted to follow it, reso- 
lutely determined to satisfy himself; but 
as this vanished, there appeared others at 
a distance, and he exhausted himself by 
fruitless attempts to lay hold of them. 
He hastened to his family, with marks of 
terror and confusion ; for, though a man 
hitherto of the most undaunted resolution, 
he confessed to me that he now felt what 
it was to be completely terrified. During 

B 4 



2<fc AN ESSAY 

the whole of that night he was constantly 
tormented with a variety of spectres, 
sometimes of people who had been long 
dead, at other times of friends who were 
living ; and harassed himself with con- 
tinually getting out of bed, to ascertain 
whether the people he saw were real or 
not. Nor could he always distinguish 
who were and who were not real cus- 
tomers, when they came into the room, 
so that his conduct became the subject of 
observation j and though it was for a time 
attributed to private drinking, it was at 
last suspected to arise from some other 
cause. When I was sent for, the family 
were under the full conviction that he was 
insane, although they confessed, that in 
every thing, except the foolish notion of 
seeing apparitions, he was perfectly ra- 
tional and steady. During the whole of 



ON APPARITIONS. 25 

the time that he was relating his case to 
me, and his mind was fully occupied, he 
felt the most gratifying relief, for in all 
that time he had not seen one apparition ; 
and he was elated with pleasure indeed, 
when I told him I should not send him to 
the asylum, since his was a complaint I 
could cure at his own house. But whilst 
I was writing a prescription, and had suf- 
fered him to be at rest, I saw him get up 
suddenly, and go with a hurried step to 
the door. — " What did you do that for ?'* 
— he looked ashamed and mortified, and 
replied, " I had been so well whilst in con- 
versation with you, that I could not be- 
lieve that the phantom I saw enter the 
room was not really a soldier, and I got 
up to convince myself 

I need not here detail particularly the 
medical treatment adopted ; but it may 



26 AN ESSAY 

be as well to state the circumstances 
which probably led to the complaint, and 
the principle acted on in the cure. Some 
time previously he had had a quarrel with 
a drunken soldier, who attempted, against 
his inclination, to enter his house at an 
unseasonable hour, and in the struggle to 
turn him out, the soldier drew his bay- 
onet, and, having struck him across the 
temples, divided the temporal artery ; in 
consequence of which he lost a very large 
quantity of blood before a surgeon »ar- 
rived, there being no one present who 
knew that, in such cases, simple com-^ 
pression with the finger upon the spouting 
artery, would stop the effusion of blood. 
He had scarcely recovered from the 
effects of this loss of blood, when he un^ 
dertook to accompany a friend in his 
walking-match against time, in which he 



ON APPARITIONS. 27 

went forty-two miles in nine hours. 
Elated with success, he spent the whole 
of the following day in drinking ; but 
found himself^ a short time afterwards, 
so much out of health, that he came to 
the resolution of abstaining altogether 
from liquor. It was in the course of the 
week following this abstinence from his 
usual habits, that he had the disease he 
now complained of. All his symptoms 
continued to increase for several days till 
I saw him, allowing him no time for rest. 
Never was he able to get rid of these 
shadows by night when in bed, nor by 
day when in motion ; though he some- 
times walked miles with that view, and at 
others went into a variety of company. 
He told me he suffered even bodily pain, 
from the severe lashing of a waggoner 
with his whip, who came every niglit to 



28 ' AN ESSAY 

a particular corner of his room, but who 
always disappeared when he jumped 
out of bed to retort, which he did se- 
veral nights successively. The whole of 
this complaint was effectually removed 
by bleeding, by leeches, and by active 
purgatives. After the first employment 
of these means, he saw no more phan- 
toms in the day time ; and after the 
second, once only, between sleeping and 
waking, saw the milkman in his bedroom. 
He has remained perfectly rational and 
well ever since, and can go out in the dark 
as fearlessly as ever, being fully convinced 
that the ghosts which he was so confident 
he saw, were merely the creatures of dis- 
ease. 

CASE 11. 

I was soon after called to visit Mrs. B., a 
fine old lady, about 80 years of age, whom 



ON APPARITIONS, 29 

I had frequently visited in fits of the gout. 
She was seized with an unusual deafness, 
and with great distension of the organs of 
digestion, at a period, when, from her 
general feelings, she expected the gout. 
From this time she was visited by the 
phantoms of some of her friends, whom 
she had not invited, and whom she at 
first so far considered as actually present, 
that she told them she was very sorry she 
could not hear them speak, nor keep up 
the conversation with them, she would 
therefore order the card table ; and she 
rang the bell for that purpose. Upon 
the entrance of the servant, the whole 
party disappeared — she could not help 
expressing her surprise to her maid that 
they should all go away so abruptly; 
and could scarcely believe her when she 
affirmed there had been nobody in the 



30 AN ESSAY 

room. She was so ashamed, when con- 
vmced of the deception under which she 
laboured, that she suffered, without com- 
plaining, for many days and nights toge- 
ther, the intrusion of a variety of phan- 
toms ; and had some of her finest feelings 
wrought upon by the exhibition of friends 
long lost, who only came to cheat her 
fancy, and revive sensations that time had 
almost obliterated. Having determined 
not again to mention the subject, she con- 
tented herself with merely ringing her 
bell, finding she could always get rid of 
the phantoms by the entrance of her 
maid, whenever they became distressing. 
It was not till some time after she had 
thus suffered, that she could bring her- 
self to relate her distress to me. She was 
all this time convinced of her own ration- 
ality, and so were those friends who really 



ON APPARITIONS. 31 

visited her ; for they never could find 
any one circumstance in her conduct and 
conversation, to lead them to suspect her 
being in the smallest degree deranged, 
though unwell. This complaint was en- 
tirely removed by cataplasms to the feet, 
and gentle purgatives; and terminated, a 
short time afterwards, in a slight fit of the 
gout. She remained to the end of her 
life, in the perfect enjoyment of her health 
and faculties. 

CASE III. 
About the same period I visited Mr. 
R., who was seized on his passage from 
America with a most excruciating head- 
ache. He obtained some temporary relief 
from the formation of matter under the 
scalp ; but swellings came on in the 
throat, and he had some difficulty of re- 
spiration when in bed. At this time he 



32 AN ESSAY 

complained to me that he had trouble- 
some dreams, and that he seemed to 
dream whilst awake. In a short time 
after this, he told me he had, for an hour 
or two, been convinced that he had seen 
his wife and family, when his right judg- 
ment told him that they were in America ; 
a few nights afterwards, the impression 
was so strong, and the conversation he 
had with his son so very particular and 
important, that he could not help relating 
the whole to his friends in the morning 
requesting to know if his wife and son 
were not actually arrived from America, 
and at that time in the house. I was 
sent for to hold a consultation with his 
friends, respecting the state of his mind. 
He evidently felt that they all took him 
to be insane. As soon as I entered the 
room, he asked me if the disease he then 



ON APPARITIONS. 33 

laboured under could produce the ima- 
gination of spectres and apparitions. He 
had been hitherto, he said, an unbeliever 
in ghosts, but had certainly been tor- 
mented by spectres during the night, 
when perfectly awake. He felt himself 
sane, and his friends all acknowledged, 
that, in every thing else, he was as sound 
in mind as ever he was in his life. Having 
explained to him the nature and extent of 
his complaint, and having assured him, 
that these visionary appearances would 
cease with his bodily sufferings, he and 
his friends were rendered easy in their 
minds. As the disease, however, still 
continued, the phantoms became after- 
wards more troublesome, so that he could 
not bear to go into his bed-room, where 
every picture was associated with them, 
conjuring up the spirits of the departed, 



34 AN ESSAY 

and introducing a train of unpleasant 
companions. He remained after this in 
a low room, and was for a time free from 
intruders; but in a bright brass lock 
again seeing his transatlantic friends, 
never afterwards could he look towards 
it without the same illusion ; and when 
I have been with him, and have purposely 
taken up a book, I have seen him hold 
conversation in his mind's eye with them ; 
I have even known him momentarily con- 
sider me as hearing and seeing them too 
— I say momentarily, for he was a man of 
strong parts, and perfectly convinced of 
the nature of the complaint; therefore, 
whenever I spoke, and he turned from 
the lock, he could converse on religion, 
physic, and politics, as well as ever. He 
then changed his house ; the matter again 
formed under his scalp, and he is now in 



ON APPARITIONS. 35 

a state of convalescence, and totally free 
from such visitations. 

These people were all well at the time 
this essay was first read to the society for 
which it was originally written, and were 
as capable as I am of relating all these 
circumstances : they were convinced that 
these were only phantoms, that had no con- 
nection whatever with the persons they 
represented ; and that their existence was 
only in their own disordered imaginations. 
But I am persuaded, that had the diseases 
under which they laboured gone off after 
the first appearance of the phantoms, or 
had they been thus attacked in the night 
only, -— so terrified, so astonished, so con- 
vinced were they of their reality, (as 
ghosts I mean,) that no power on earth 
would ever have altered that opinion : 
nor could any one have satisfied them 
c 2 



36 AN ESSAY 

that it was a disease under which they 
themselves laboured ; so that they would 
have passed through life with the full 
persuasion of having seen a ghost, in the 
common acceptation of the term. The 
long continuance of the complaint, the 
opportunities afforded, both by day and 
night, of ascertaining the nature of the 
appearances, and the full conviction pro- 
duced from their entire expulsion by 
remedies, without any delusion, or mys- 
tycism, or magic, dispelled every idea of 
their supernatural origin, and they no 
more believed in the common notion of 
ghosts than I do. * 

* As it has only been my object to account for 
such apparitions as are here related, I have been at 
no pains to explain the various delusions of the 
mischievous v^^ho have gone about to frighten their 
neighbours, like the Cock-lane ghost and others ; 
nor those appearances which have been produced. 



ON APPARITIONS. 37 

CASE IV. 

I some time ago received the following 
letter, in which the patient gives a full 
account of his own case : — 

" I am oppressed by a complaint the 
most extraordinary I ever heard of; it 
only afflicted me this morning, and has 
occasionally shown itself during the day. 
My only complaint is that which gene- 
rally accompanies a series of hard living ; 
I can eat tolerably well, but I had a most 
violent bilious attack the latter end of 



sometimes purposely, sometimes accidentally, and 
which depend on mechanical and optical decep- 
tions; such as the reflection of persons passing 
strong lights on a hill at a small distance, seen 
obliquely on the church windows, and which has 
the appearance of ghosts flitting within the church. 
They are all as easily explained as those I have 
mentioned ; but they have been explained by others, 
and form no part of my plan. 

c 3 



38 AN ESSAY 

last week, and vomited incessantly. This 
morning I awoke early, after two very 
unusually sleepless nights, and to my 
surprise I saw horrid and ghastly spectres 
constantly present to my imagination ; 
but to my greatest surprise, during a walk 
in my grounds, about eleven o'clock, I 
fancied I saw a set of poachers on my 
estate, coursing a hare. 1 followed them 
on foot for several miles, they being 
present to my view all the time. 

" As they were on horseback, they 
eluded my pursuit. Having returned to 
my house, I again saw them, a short time 
afterwards, similarly occupied in the 
front of my house : I immediately or- 
dered my horse, and again pursued them 
for miles, until, on taking a large fence, 
I suddenly lost all sight of them, and I 
am now fully convinced that the whole 



ON APPARITIONS. 39 

was an illusion. In my family affairs and 
business I am competent, but very un- 
comfortable, fearing it may affect my 
intellect 1 therefore hope to see you 
here as soon as possible this evening. I 
forgot to say, that, when not very sober, 
I had a fall from my horse a few days 
ago, but did not receive any material in- 
jury at the time/* 



c 1 



40 AN ESSAY 



CHAR III. 

HALLUCINATION DISTINGUISHED FROM PARTIAL 
INSANITY, FROM DELIRIUM, FROM SOMNAM- 
BULISM, FROM REVERIE. MAHOMET. 

JACOB BEHMEN, AND OTHER VISIONARIES. 

Having made out the universality of the 
belief in ghosts, I trust that I have also 
not only established the reality of such 
appearances, but demonstrating, from 
physical causes, how this notion has arisen, 
have satisfactorily proved, that the cause 
lies, not in the perturbed spirits of the 
departed, but in the disordered functions 
of the living. 

The hallucination, which the foregoing 
cases detail, may be distinguished from 



ON APPARITIONS, 41 

partial insanity, from delirium, from som- 
nambulism, and from reverie, to all of 
which it bears some resemblance. In par- 
tial insanity, the patient, though sensible 
on most subjects, is generally intent on one 
particular train of thought ; and, when- 
ever he has occasion to speak upon that 
subject, he flies off into some absurd 
notion or other, and no argument what- 
ever can drive him from his purpose. In 
delirium, the patient neither knows where 
he is nor what he does, except for a few 
moments, when violently roused. In 
somnambulism, there are certain volun- 
tary motions performed, without our be- 
ing sensible of vohtion. In reverie, the 
mind is so wholly intent on its own par- 
ticular train of thoughts, that the patient 
takes no notice whatever of anv thiner 
around him. 



42 AN ESSAY 

But in such cases as I have detailed, 
there is no point on which the patients 
can be said to be irrational ; they merely 
state that they perceive objects, where 
we know, and where they can very easily 
convince themselves, that they do not 
exist : — 

^' their thoughts 



Are combinations of disjointed things ; 
And forms impalpable and unperceived 
Of others' sight, familiar are to them," 

When this circumstance occurs in the 
day-time, and more frequent opportuni- 
ties for examination are afforded, they do 
convince themselves of their non-exist- 
ence, — and, when, as I have said before, 
their own reason is assisted by the more 
cultivated and unimpau^ed understanding 
of those around them, — when there is 
no art, no attempt at imposition, the 



ON APPARITIONS, 43 

whole is clearly made to appear a mere 
delusion, a deceptio visuSy arising from a 
temporary disordered state of the animal 
functions, wholly independent of the 
persons or bodies those figures represent. 
But what must have been the case in 
other circumstances? Suppose these phan- 
toms had only appeared in the night ? — 
suppose the physician had affected all the 
arts and tricks of the designing magician, 
or the crafty priest — how would it have 
been then? — Why, precisely what we 
have before asserted : — they would have 
gone through life with a belief in the 
actual re-appearance of the dead, as well 
as the capability of communicating with 
the spirits of their departed friends ; and 
thus they might have contributed their 
evidence to the vile impositions of those 
who have made a gain of the credulity of 



44 AN ESSAY 

mankind, and who have, from interested 
motives, encouraged the fear of ghosts, 
the worship of demons, the behef of 
supernatural agency, which they could 
controul by their spells ; of those who, 
like Owen Glendower, can call spirits 
from the vasty deep, or of the mystic 
masons, who pretend to show you the 
spirits of long departed friends. Here 
too we see how a Mahomet, a Sweden- 
borg, a Jacob Behmen *, may have not 

* '^Behmen, or Boehm, Jacob, a shoemaker, 
engaged in theological controversies, was perplexed 
concerning many articles of faith, and prayed for 
divine illumination. In this state of mind he fell 
into a trance or ecstasy, which lasted him seven ' 
days, and afforded him an intuitive vision of God. 
Soon after he had a second ecstasy, was surrounded 
with celestial irradiation, his spirit carried to the 
most inward world of nature, and enabled to pene- 
trate through external forms, lineaments, and 
colours of bodies, into the recess of their assembly. 
In a third vision, other more sublime mysteries 



ON APPARITIONS. 45 

only imposed on the world, but also on 
themselves, the whole farrago of their 
celestial communications, and converse 
with superior beings ; and it seems to me 
probable, that certain professors of this 
art may have the power of throwing 
themselves into that state, in which they 
can bring before them those imaginary 
unsubstantial beings. This is no new 
opinion. If I remember right, it has 
been related of the Pythian priestess, 
and appears to me to be the case with 
the wizards of Kamschatka, and is pro- 
bably the object of the whirling motion 
of the dervises, and of the serpent-eaters 
in Egypt. 



were revealed to him — the origin of nature, form- 
ation of all things, and even divine principles and 
intelligent natures." 



46 AN ESSAY 

A celebrated conjuror, or mystic ma- 
son, with whom I had a conversation some 
years ago, told me, he could give me a 
receipt for a preparation of antimony, 
sulphur, &c., which, when burnt in a con- 
fined room, would so affect the person 
shut up in it, that he would fancy he 
saw spectres and apparitions ; and that, 
by throwing his voice into a particular 
part of the room, he could make the 
person believe he was holding converse 
with spirits. 



ON APPARITIONS. 47 



CHAR IV. 

LOCKE ; HIS OPINIONS. SHAKSPEARE MAC- 
BETH HAMLET. CONCLUSION. 

The common argument, by which the 
behef in spirits has been combated, viz. 
" that only one man at a time ever saw 
a ghost ; and, therefore, the probabihty is, 
that there never was such a thing,'' though 
true, has never perhaps produced' con- 
viction, nor had the eJEFect of removing 
the fears or of shaking the belief of those 
who have only been transiently affected 
with the disease, — because the mere de- 
nying of a fact, supported by supposed 
positive evidence, cannot produce con- 



48 AN ESSAY 

viction. But even this argument has 
been controverted , and a case has been 
pubhshed by Mr. Cumberland, from a 
paper or a memorandum, found accident- 
ally in manuscript, one hundred years old, 
in which it is asserted, that some men, 
who lay in bed, frightened out of their 
wits, allowed they saw what the distem- 
pered brain of the disordered person saw. 
I am sorry that a story on such bad evi- 
dence should have found credit for a 
moment, with so respectable a writer as 
the author of the Observer, for the ge- 
neral opinion of all ages is against it ; 
and the evidence on which this case is 
related, ought never to have had any 
weight. 

It has been said by Mr. Locke, that the 
ideas we form of goblins and sprights have 
really no more to do with darkness than 



ON APPARITIONS. 49 

with light. This is certainly very just, 
as we have clearly seen by the foregoing 
relations, where the spectres appeared 
by day as well as by night ; and yet we 
know they are more generally connected. 
This I take to be owing, not merely, as 
Mr. Locke says, to the association of 
ideas, but to the circumstance that, dur- 
ing the night, many sources of inform- 
ation are cut off, by which the true 
nature of these appearances might be 
ascertained J besides, I have reason to 
believe, that slight degrees of the com- 
plaint more frequently occur in the night 
than in the day, and that these slight and 
transient attacks are those which have 
been most commonly handed down to us. 
From what I have related, it will be 
seen, if my theory be true, why it should 
happen, that only one at a time ever 

D 



50 AN ESSAY 

could see a ghost; and here we may 
lament, that our celebrated dramatist, 
whose knowledge of nature is every 
Englishman's boast, had not known such 
cases as those I have related, and their 
causes; he would not then, perhaps, 
have made his ghosts visible and audible 
on the stage.* Every expression, every 
look in Macbeth and Hamlet, is perfectly 
natural and consistent with men so agi- 
tated, and quite sufficient to convince us 
of what they see, hear, and suffer ; but it 
must be evident, that the affection being 
confined solely to the individual, such 
objects must be seen and heard by the 
individual only. 

" Father of all, thou gav'st not to our ken, 
To view beyond the ashes of our grave." 

* " Ghosts intended to haunt and affright the 
guilty should not appear upon the stage.'* Vide 
Walker on Italian Tragedy. 



ON APPARITIONS. 51 

That men circumstanced as Macbeth 
or Hamlet, Brutus*, or Dion were, should 
see phantoms, and hold converse with 
them, appears to me perfectly natural; 
and, though the cases I have now related 
owe their origin entirely to a disordered 
state of bodily organs, as may be evi- 
dently inferred from the history of their 
rise, and the result of their cure, yet, 
with the knowledge we have of the 
effects of mind on the body, we may 
fairly conclude, that great mental anxiety, 

* The whole story of Brutus and his evil genius 
rests upon Plutarch. That the phantom said, he 
would meet him at Philippi, may, or may not be 
true : that Brutus saw an apparition previously to 
the battle of Philippi, I believe, because I have 
known others, who have seen the same kind of 
phantom ; but that the phantom told him he would 
meet him again at Philippi, and that he did there 
meet him, I do not believe. Plutarch only says, 
it was reported he did meet him there. 

D 2 



52 AN ESSAY 

inordinate ambition, and guilt, may pro- 
duce similar effects ; nay, I am con- 
vinced, that if it were allowable for the 
physician to dive into the mental uneasi- 
ness of his patient, many similar facts 
might be added. I think, that I have 
known some who dared not to tell all 
they had seen and felt. I, some time 
ago, saw a man labouring under what he 
called a nervous complaint ; I made him 
shrink, when I told him I knew he ima- 
gined he saw people in his room whom 
he did not wish to see, and others whom 
he knew to be dead; he rather unwil- 
lingly confessed it, when his wife had 
withdrawn. 

I have thus endeavoured to di^aw the 
public attention to a subject not yet suf- 
ficiently investigated by the learned; and 
the cases which I have adduced, will, I 



ON APPARITIONS. 53 

trust, have some effect in elucidating the 
operations of the human mind in a state 
of disease, and in explaining by natural 
causes, what has hitherto, when believed, 
been attributed to supernatural agency. 



THE END. 



London : 

Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode, 

New- Street Square. 



BURCHELL'S TRAVELS IN AFRICA. 



Shortly will be published, in Quarto, Volume Second, Price £4. 14*. 6d. 

OF 

TRAVELS 

IN 

THE INTERIOR OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 



BY 



WILLIAM J. BURCHELL, Esa. 

WITH A LARGE AND ENTIRELY NEW MAP, AND A HUNDRED AND 
SIXTEEN COLOURED AND BLACK ENGRAVINGS. 



LONDON : 

PRINTED FOE LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME. BROWN, AND GREEN. 



These Travels were undertaken wth the intention of exploring the iinkno^vn 
countries lying between the Cape of Good Hope and the Portuguese Settle- 
ments on the Western Coast, by a circuitous track through the Interior Regions. 
The author, after penetrating into the heart of the Continent, to the depth of 
nearly 1100 miles, to a country never before described, met with obstacles which 
it was found impossible to surmount, and which compelled him to alter the ori- 
ginal plan of his route. This alteration gave him an opportunity of acquiring 
the most complete information respecting the inhabitants of the most distant 
re'gion, the nature and productions of the country, and many interesting particu- 
lars of the nations beyond. The object of the undertaking was not the mere grati- 
fication of vague curiosity ; but an attentive investigation of every object which 
might be thought deserving the notice of a traveller ; and it may readily be be- 
lieved, that, on a journey continued nearly four years with these views, a mul- 
titude of facts hitherto unknown, and a greater mass of authentic information 
than has till now been laid before the public, have been collected. Besides the 
complete narrative of daily occurrences as far as the most distant to>vn in the 
interior, and of the various transactions with the natives, this work wU be found 
to contain a general account of the inhabitants, comprising their origin, popula- 
tion, government, warfare, policy, trade, and laws ; tlie nature of their chiefs 



authority; their rehgion or superstition, moral character, natural disposition 
mental capacity, figure, cast of features, women, marriages, clothing, personal 
ornaments, utensils, disorders, modes of cure, language, food, agriculture, ma- 
nufactures, arts, and amusements; arcliitecture, domestic arrangements, and 
chmate It >.ill also be found to contain interesting contributions to the Sciences 
of Zoology and Botany; above 63,000 objects of which were preserved and 
brought to England. Of these, a large collection of Quadrupeds have been pre- 
sented to the British Museum. In the geography of the extra-tropical part of 
Southern Africa, a map founded on numerous astronomical observations, and 
of an entirely new construction, will be found to present considerable improve- 
ments, and to rectify many inaccuracies. Its size is 33 inches by 28 On the 
nature of the languages of tliese people, many particulars are given; nor have 
Geology, and the subject of Music, been neglected. The investigation of Man 
m an uncivilized state of society, wiU be found to offer a picture not altogether 
undeservmg of attention. Neither is it superfluous here to notice that, in these 
pages. Modesty may read without fearing to meet with those descriptions and 
aflusions wliich might raise a blush upon her cheek. 

In the first volume, besides the travels among the tribes living beyond the 
boundary of the English settlement, there is a large portion of information re- 
spectmg the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, and an account of several ex- 
cursions which intervened between the Author's first landing and the commence- 
ment of ks principal journey into the Interior. Of the extension of civilization, 
and of the effects of missionary labors among the aboriginal inhabitants, both 
withm and wathout the colonial limits, an impartial view is here given, in which 
those who are interested in the cause of religion and philanthropy may behold 
the subject m its true light. The scenes of nature and the manners of the peo- 
ple are described with equal care ; and by adhering in the narrative to the strict 
form of a Journal, the reader and the author are enabled to travel, as it were 
the journey over again, and view in their proper light the facts in connexion,' 
and the impression made by each event in succession : the object of this Journal 
bemg to convey a natural and faithful picture of passing scenes and trans- 



actions. 



In the Second Volume, will be found an interesting Account of the Native 
Tnbes; with whom the Author lived on terms which gave him very favourable 
opportunities for discovering their true character. As his views in travelling 
were not confined to any particular class of observations, but were extended to 
whatever appeared likely to produce useful knowledge, his researches have em- 
braced that variety of subjects which a journey, over ground never before trodden 
by European foot, and through the strange and unknown regions of Africa, 
might be expected to afford. The difficulties and privations attendant on an 



expedition of this nature, and the degree of success which may have rewarded 
the perilous labors it required, can only be knoAvri by a perusal of the Narrative ; 
in which it will be seen, that the information now communicated to the Public, 
was not obtained without considerable personal risk and danger. 

To each Volume are added an Itinerary and Register of the Weather ; and, to 
render the whole more available for reference, and to collect under their proper 
heads the various Remarks which, by being noted in the regular order of a 
Diary, are necessarily scattered in different places, a General Index, to- 
gether with a Zoological and Botanical Index, are given to complete the work. 
The whole of the Engravings which accompany it, have been faithfully copied 
from finished drawings made by the Author : those which are given with the First 
Volume^ are. 



A distant View of the Cape of Good Hope. 
The Jutty, or landing Place, at Cape 

Town. 
The Castle-gate, at Cape Town. 
A View of Cape Town, Table Bay, and 

Tygerberg. 
The Mountain Butterfly. 
The Kukumakranki. 
The Silver Tree. 
View of a Part of Cape Town. 
A Boor's Waggon and Oxen. 
The Bath-house at Zwarteberg. 
Tower-of-Babel Mountain. 
The Rhinoceros -bush. 
The Church at Genadendal. 
Huts of the Hottentots at Genadendal. 
The Village of Tulbagh. 
The Drostdy at Tulbagh. 
The Church at Stellenbosch. 
The Cape Mistletoe. 
Geometrical Drawing of the Waggon. 
Portrait of Speelman, a Hottentot. 
Section of the Waggon, and various Articles 

appertaining to it. 
Scene by Firelight, on the Journey; a 

Station for the Night. 
Crossing the Berg River. 
Passing Roodezand Kloof. 
The Karro- thorn, or Cape Acacia. 
Cubic Pyrites of Iron. 
Arrival at the Karro Pass. 
Crossing the Karro. 
A Bushman Chief and his Companion on 

oxback. 
A Boor's House in the Roggeveld Karro, 

with Sheep going out to Pasture. 



A tanning Vat. 

Hottentots sitting round their Fire. 

Caravan of Waggons assembled at Zak 
River, on the Borders of the Country 
of the Bushmen. 

The Yellow Fish. 

A View of the Mountains of the Karree- 
bergen. 

The Rock Fountain, in the Country of the 
Bushmen. 

Scene on the River Gariep. 

A Bushwoman and her Child. 

A View of the Kloof Village in the Asbes- 
tos Mountains. 

A Hottentot Kraal on the Banks of the 
Gariep. 

Rocks in the Asbestos Mountains. 

The Church at Klaarwater. 

A View of Klaarwater, looking towards 
the north-east. 

Horns of the Koodoo. 

Station on the Banks of the Nu-gariep ; 
and making presents to a Party of 
Bushmen. 

The Kori, a new Species of Bustard. 

Head of the Hippopotamus, or River Horse. 

Hottentot Utensils. 

The Flat-head, a remarkable Fish. 

Travelling over a Plain abounding in Ant- 
hills. 

A Piece of an Ant-hill, with one of the 
Insects, 

Portrait of a Bushman playing on the Gor^h. 

The Gorah, a Hottentot Musical Instru- 
ment. 

The Bpokoo Plant ; a celebrated Drug, 



Portrait of a Kora. 

Rocks at Leeuwenkuil, or Lion's Den, 

Hut of the Hottentot Chief at Klaarwater. 



Preparing for Departure. 
The Grapple-plant. 
The Party asleep. 



The 



Engravings 



which will accompany the Second Volume^ are 



The Heads of two Bush-girls. 

A natural Obelisk in the Country of the 

Bushmen. 
Bushman Utensils. 

The Two-horned Rhinoceros, in front. 
Head of the Two-homed Rhinoceros, in 

Profile. 
Geranium Rocks ; a Station. 
Inside of a Bushman's Hut. 
Great Table Mountain. 
Descending from the Snow Mountains. 
Ascending a rugged Pass. 
View of the Drostdy at Graaffreynet. 
Portrait of Juli, a faithful Hottentot. 
Hottentot's Bread, a remarkable Plant. 
Little Table Mountain. 
Spitskop, tbe highest Peak of the Snow 

Mountains. 
Weapons of the Bushmen. 
View of a Bushman Kraal. 
Bushman Arrows. 

Group of ' Wild Dogs,' or Hunting Hyenas. 
A * Wild Dog,' or Hunting Hyena. 
Sensavan, the Sibik) mine. 
Vangueria infausta, or the Unlucky-wood. 
A Scene at Knegt's Fountain. 
Triaspis hypericoides. 
Portrait of a Bachapin Herdsman. 
Antilope villosa. 
Vultur occipitalis. 
Antilope lunata, or the Crescent-homed 

Antelope. 
Tail and Hoofs of the Crescent-homed 

Antelope. 



Travelling over the Great Plains of Litakun. 

Houses at Litakun. 

First Interview with the Chief of the Ba- 
chapins. 

View on entering the Town of Litakun. 

Bachapin Sandals. 

The Chief and his Party, sitting in the 
M6otsi. 

Portrait of Boklookwe. 

A Bichuana Blacksmith at Work. 

A View in the Town of Litakun. 

Portrait of Massisan. 

Portrait of Mahiitu. 

A Nuakketsi Hat. 

The Dwelling-house of Kramori, a Bacha- 
pin Chieftain. 

Section and Plan of a Bachapin House. 

View and Plan of the House . of Mol- 
lemmi, the Chiefs Brother. 

Heads of two fashionable young Men oi 
Litakun. 

Portrait of Chaasi, a Bachapin. 

Bichuana Ornaments. 

Bachapin Ornaments, Dancing-rattles, 
and Amulet, 

■ Knives. 

. Needles. 

Whistles. 

Milk-bag. 

. Spoons. 

— Carving Instmment. 

— ornamental Carving. 

The K6veh, a kind of Hassagay manufac- 
tured by the Nuakketsies. 



Also may be had, recently published, 

VOLUME FIRST OF THE SAME WORK, 

Price 41, 14s. 6d. Boards. 



WHITAKERS RlCHxMONDSHIRE, &c. &c. 



This Day is publishedy 



In Two Volumes Folio, on fine Demy Paper, 25L 4.9. and on Super-royal Drawing Paper, with Indian 
Paper Proof Impressions of the Plates, 50^. 8s. «» *' » *"* simian 



HISTORY OF RICIIMONDSHIRE, 

IN THE 

NORTH RIDING OF YORK ; 

TOGETHER WITH THOSE 

PARTS OF THE EVERWICSCHIRE OF DOMESDAY, 



WHICH FORM 



OF LONSDALE, EWEGROSS, AND AMUNDERNESS, 

IN THE 

COUNTIES OP YORK, LANCASTER, AND WESTMORELAND. 



BY THE LATE 

THOMAS DUNHAM WHITAKER, L.L.D. P.S 4 

VICAR OF WHALLEY AND OP BLACKBURN, IN LANCASHIRE. 



LONDON; 

ROBINSON AND HEKNAMAN, LEEDS, ° 



The Plates in this Work are engraved in the very best Style of the Art, from beautiful 
Dra^viugsby J. M. W. Tcunek, Esq. R.A.. and Mr. Buckler. The Wood-cut 
Vig-nettes are by Messrs. Branston, Bonner, Hughes, &c. 



List of the Plates. Drawn by Bmraved b« 

M.BGAKBT, COU.T.SS OP R.cHMo^ K. B, Harraden ..AV. T F y 

R.CHMOKP TOWN J. M:w. Turner ..W.R.sI;th 

I.TEB.OK V.W OK THE Keep OP RicBMOK. CAstLB ..J. BucMer w. LowrT 

Keep OP Richmond Castlb rn.i, „ 

w. .N s. MA.V. CHURCH, H.;-;;-::::::::::rBu:;::::::::^ 

Richmond, CASTLE AND Town t m W T.,r. t a T 

n„« n rr, ''• -i^l' vv. Turner ..J. Archer. 

Ghev Friars Tower. Richmond. South-east View....J. Buckler j Pve 

St. Agatha's Aeeev. Easebt i iw «7^ -r r , 

,„„„ „ J M. w. Turuer..J. LeKeux. 

Interior View of the Hall of St. Agatha's Ab ? 

BEY.EASEBy ..*^*»-^ J. Buckler J. Pye. 

EasebvAbbev. Ground Plan .'.■."■.■:."..T. Bradley S.Hall 

ASKE Hall, the Seat of the Right Hon. Lord Dundas J. M, W. Turner ..J. Scot 

ROMALDKIRK Church, South-ea^t View j. Buckler... J Pye 

High Force or Fall of Tees , ., .„ _ , / \ 

Roman ANxieumEs at Rokebv.... , ' Z' "^""'^ ••'• ^""''-^^F.S.A. 

-••...^..j, iiuckler ....... ,W. Lowry. 



2 

List of the Plates, Drawn htj Engraved by 

Egolestcnb Abbey, South-east View J. Buckler C. Heath. 

Egglkstone Abbey, near Barnard Castle J. M. W. Turner ..T. HIgham. 

f Etched by S. Middiman, 
Junction of the Greta and Tees, atRokeby J. M. W. Turner] and J. Pye, engraved 

' by John Pye. 

Brignall Church J. M. W. Turner ..S. Rawle. 

Wycliffe J. M. W. Turner ..J. Pye. 

Pl.vn of entrenched Lines at Stanwick T. Bradley S. Hall. 

Marrick Abbey J. M. W. Turner ..J. C. Varrall. 

Brass Plate in Wensley Church J. Buckler T. Milton. 

Aysgarth Force J. M. W. Turner ..J. Scott. 

Elevation of Screen in Aysgarth Church J. Buckler J. Roffe. 

Semer Lake, near Askrig J. M. W. Turner ..H. Le Keux. 

Moss Dale Fell ....J. M. W. Turner ..S. Middiman. 

Habdkaw fail , J. M. W.Turner f '^^.i^^/byTpyr"' 

Jervaux Abbey, Ground Plan T.Bradley J. RofFe. 

Brass Plates in Catteric Church J. Buckler T. Milton. 

Court of Hornby Castle J. Buckler T. Milton. 

Brass Plates in Wath Church J. Buckler T. Milton. 

Crook of Lu^je, looking towards Hornby Castle ....J. M. W. Turner ..J. Archer. 

Roman Antiquities found near Lancaster J. Buckler J. RofFe. 

Gateway at Lancaster J. Buckler J. Roflfe. 

Ingleborough, from Hornby Castle Terrace J. M. W. Turner ..C. Heath. 

Hornby Castle, from Tatham Church J. M. W. Turner . . W. Radclyffe. 

KiRKBT Lonsdale Church Yard J. M. W. Turner . . C. Heath. 

Heysham and Cumberland Mountains J. M. W. Turner ..W. R. Siaith. 

SizerghHall ..J. Buckler J. Higham. 

Weathercotb Cave J. M. W. Turner ..S. Middiman. 

East View of Peel Castle.... «..J. Buckler J. Roffe. 

FuRNESs Abbey J. Buckler J. C. VarralL 

Fac>simile of a Grant from the Friars Minors of 
Preston. 

Umbo of a Shield found near GaRSTANG ......... .J. Buckler J. Clarke. 

AsHTON Hall J- Buckler S. Rawle. 



WOOD CUT VIGNETTES. 

North Door-way to Wiske 
Church. 

Font in the Church at Down- 
holme. 

Font in Thornton Steward 
Church. 

Bolton Castle. 

Chapter House of Jervaux. 

The Church of Bedale. 

Gateway of St. Martin's Priory. 

Monument in Hornby Church. 

South-east View of Patrick 
Brompton Church. 

Monument at Well. 

Snape Hall. 

Cross at Masham. 

Gouthwaite Hall. 

Brimham Craggs. 

Monument in Masham Church. 

Burneston Church. 

View of Kirklington Church. 

Font in Kirklington Church. 

Monument in Kirklington 
Church. 



Circular Door-way at Easeby 
Abbey. 

The Gateway to Easeby Abbey. 

Font in Easeby Church. 

Ravensworth Castle. 

Font in Ravensworth Church. 

Mortham Tower. 

An immense Tombstone of 
Greta or Tees Marble, re- 
moved from Eggleston 
Abbey. 

Font in the Church of Rokeby. 

Remains of Bowes Castle. 

Font in the Church of Bowes. 

Marrick Church and Nunnery. 

Gravestone in Marrick Church. 

Gravestone in Marsk Church. 

Font in Marsk Church. 

Church at East Cowton. 

Front in Smeaton Church. 

Door-way at Danby Wiske 

Church. 
• Font in Danby Wiske Church. 

Choir of Kirkby Wiske Church. 

The Subscribers to this Work who have not taken up all their Parts, are requested to 
do 80 immediately, through their Booksellers, as the few remaining Copies will very 
soon be made up into Sets. 



EiEgies of the Marmions in 
Tanfield Church. 

Tomb of the Marmion in Tan- 
field Church. 

Entrance to Cundall Church. 

Font in Kirkby Hill Church. 

Cross found in Lancaster 
Churchyard. 

Cross in Halton Churchyard. 

South-east View of Hornby 
Church. 

Thurland Castle. 

Arnset Tower. 

Borwick Hall. 

Coffins in the Rock at Heysham. 

Saxon Tomb found in Hey- 
sham Churchyard. 

Heysham Church. 

Monument in Kendal Church. 

Curious Norman Font in Ingle- 
by Church. 

Gleaston Castle. 

Greenhalgh Castle. 



NEW AND IMPORTANT WORKS 

And various Parts of the Grecian anfp . 

THE H-STO.V_^0.^./o, „,,,,« ,,, 

By SHARON TURNER *F S A 

These Volumes contain the His''rl''v''nf*''^^""^ 6^. Board;.* ' 

With Anecdotes I^lUZTr^'uZ'' '"^/^^ «^ '^^^^^^^EN. 
The 2d EdU.o„, .Uh a Po.t.ait. Y„^sT„^1;,,, „,. 3„„,, 

SKETCHES OP THE LIVES OF CORREGGIO 

w>.No.„..e...4N^4ARJJE^^^^^ 

Price 10s. 6d.^ " PostSvo. with a Portrait. 

THE THREE PERILS OP WOMAN 

'™.f.!?hl^lS^jiSHR^^^^ ,^ ,^,^ 

Missiona^i^j^.^'^l^bbe J A DUBOIS, 

A D..c„,P.,o« or the cttS^^K ■'"^" '-« ^-"^'o "■ ^""''• 

-0 the. ^'^^^^^^Sn^'kl^^'^^^^o^or^^^^ ,, ,^„,,^ 

^■™ .N ENCLISHTKANsK^^N CHRONICLES, 



NEW AND IMPORTANT WORKS, 

Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 
'^SYLYA FLORIFERA/' THE ^* SHRUBBERY ;" 

Containing an Historical and Botanical Account of tlie Flowering Shrubs and Trees, which 

now ornament the Shrubbery, the Park, and Rural Scenes in general. 

By HENRY PHILLIPS, F.H.S. 

Author of the " History of Fruits, known in Great Britain," and the " History of 

Cultivated Vegetables." 2 Vols. 8vo. Price U. \s. Boards. 

10. 

ESSAYS ON HYPOCHONDRIASIS, AND OTHER 

NERVOUS AFFECTIONS. 

By JOHN REID, M. D. 
Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London ; and late Physician to the Finsbmy 
Dispensary. InSvo. Price 12s. Bds. the 3d Edition, considerably enlarged. 

11. 

MEMOIRS OF MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS, 

With Anecdotes of the Court of Henry the Second, during her Residence in France. 

By MISS BENGER. 

Second Edition, In 2 Vols. 8vo. with a genuine Portrait, never before engraved, 

and a facsimile, &c. Price 11. 4s. Bds. 

12. 

ACCOUNT OF AN EXPEDITION FROM PITTSBURGH 

TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, 

Performed in the Years 1819-20, by Order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, 

under the Command of Major S. H. Long, of the United States Topographical Engineers. 

Compiled from the Notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other Gentlemen of the Party. 

By EDWIN JAMES, 

Botanist and Geologist for the Expedition. 

In Three Volumes, Octavo, illustrated with Maps and Plates. Price 11. 16s. Bds. 

13. 
NARRATIVE OF A TOUR THROUGH THE MOREA, 

Giving an Account of the present State of that Peninsula and its Inhabitants. 

By SIR WILLIAM GELL. 
In One Volume Octavo, illustrated by Plates, Wood Cuts, &c. Price 15s. Bds. 

14. 
ADVICE TO YOUNG MOTHERS 

ON THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF CHILDEEN. 
By a GRANDMOTHER. 

In 1 Vol. 12mo. Price 7s. 6d. Bds. 

15. 
BODY AND SOUL. 

Consisting of a Series of lively and pathetic Stories, calculated to excite the Attention and 

Interest of the Religious World. 

In 2 Vols. 12mo. The 3d Edition, with Additions. 

16. 
THE CHRISTIAN ARMED AGAINST INFIDELITY, 

For the Defence of all Denominations of Believers. 
By the Authors of " BODY AND SOUL." In 12mo. Price 5s. Bds. 

17. 
THE FAMILY SHAKSPEARE, 

In which nothing is added to the original Text : but these Words and Expressions are omitted 

which cannot with Propriety be read aloud in a Family. 

By THOMAS BOWDLER, Esq. F.R.S. and S.A. 

A new Edition, in 8 Vols. 8vo. large Type, 41. 14s. 6d. Bds. 

Also, in 10 Vols, royal ISmo. Price 31.3s. Bds. 

18. 
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING; 

Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and 
Landscape-Gardening; including all the latest Improvements 5 a General 

History of Gardening in all Countries j 

And a Statistical View of its present State, with Suggestions for its future 

Progress, in the British Isles. 

By J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S. H.S. &c. 

Author of " A Treatise on forming and improving Country Residences.** 

Complete, in One large Volume 8vo. of 1500 Pages, closely printed, with Six Hundred 

Engravings on Wood. Price 21. 10s. 









^ ^ 
.^^\ 

§^5^ 












->:>>► o^^>. 















§.^==<L ^ ^> ^ 



>3> 



S J)^ 









^^S^[>^ 






^^^^ 



> ^^^ 















^^^^ 









^:*> 



7» :s> :j> 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper procr 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide | 
Treatment Date: Nov. 2004 

PreservationTechnologie 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATIO 

1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township. PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 












»^ » > 





















.^ ^i> >^^ ^ 


> 


:>^>:> 


^^ >.^ j»-„ . 


-> 


^>^ 


^> ^ >.. . 


^ 


> >» 


> ^^ > > 


^ 


i^ J)> 


^ ^> 


Z> J 


-'^>>» 


^> > > 


"> , 


^'3P^ 


-^^ >:>.>. 


^ 


' »r 






:^^ 


^^>^>y ^^ :^^^ 


:> ^Z> J, 


:> 


""^^fc 


:> 3~z> » 


■:> 


^^5^ 


> ^ ^r> » 


^ ) 


~^^ ^ 


^ ^3>^ 


> 


"0> 


> J>^Z> y>^ 


> 


._.^ 






Ir> 


1>> ^Z> Zy> z» ' 


■:»-;^~:iMl^>l3r>> >^ > 


">v^v ;:: 


^ > S^3ir -^-Jv^ 


-> "^a^ 


^ >► 


1> 


^'lO I>^ 


j>y::9fm>> ^j> 


>0:x^ 


:r> >2>3X> 


^^ 


^^ 




y>^^ >z> jy> ^ 


>^ 1=3^ >^ :» > 


> >>_ ^. 


":> > ^:;:»3>> 


^ -^ 


^ ^ 


> 


7>y y> _>>> 1> 


;» >:^^zj>:> :2» ;> • 


> ->>1^ 


:> ^ ?J>:»:^ 


:> ^y 


:> :> 




■^/ 5j> "];3^ ," ^^ 


> > >:Sl^>5:>r3» » 


> ^> 


^ »7^> >^> 


> ^ 


R.^Bfc^H 


> 

- 51 




i J >»r>j>^^^ .^ 


^,r 




MS 


^^^ 



.S»>7>i-» 






->P->J> 



^^>^ >3- 






ji> > >3> 



3>» >> - 

o^> > :> > > ^ 






tlBBABV OF CONGRESS 




013 503 912 3 







